Upgrade to CockroachDB v21.1

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Because of CockroachDB's multi-active availability design, you can perform a "rolling upgrade" of your CockroachDB cluster. This means that you can upgrade nodes one at a time without interrupting the cluster's overall health and operations.

This page describes how to upgrade to the latest v21.1 release, v21.1.21.

Terminology

Before upgrading, review the CockroachDB release terminology:

• A new major release is performed every 6 months. The major version number indicates the year of release followed by the release number, which will be either 1 or 2. For example, the latest major release is v24.1 (also written as v24.1.0).
• Each supported major release is maintained across patch releases that fix crashes, security issues, and data correctness issues. Each patch release increments the major version number with its corresponding patch number. For example, patch releases of v24.1 use the format v24.1.x.
• All major and patch releases are suitable for production usage, and are therefore considered "production releases". For example, the latest production release is v24.1.1.
• Prior to an upcoming major release, alpha and beta releases and release candidates are made available. These "testing releases" are not suitable for production usage. They are intended for users who need early access to a feature before it is available in a production release. These releases append the terms alpha, beta, or rc to the version number.

Step 1. Verify that you can upgrade

Run cockroach sql against any node in the cluster to open the SQL shell. Then check your current cluster version:

> SHOW CLUSTER SETTING version;

To upgrade to v21.1.21, you must be running either:

• Any earlier v21.1 release: v21.1.0-alpha.1 to v21.1.19.

• A v20.2 production release: v20.2.0 to v20.2.19.

If you are running any other version, take the following steps before continuing on this page:

When you are ready to upgrade to v21.1.21, continue to step 2.

Step 2. Prepare to upgrade

Before starting the upgrade, complete the following steps.

Check load balancing

Make sure your cluster is behind a load balancer, or your clients are configured to talk to multiple nodes. If your application communicates with a single node, stopping that node to upgrade its CockroachDB binary will cause your application to fail.

Check cluster health

Verify the overall health of your cluster using the DB Console. On the Overview:

• Under Node Status, make sure all nodes that should be live are listed as such. If any nodes are unexpectedly listed as suspect or dead, identify why the nodes are offline and either restart them or decommission them before beginning your upgrade. If there are dead and non-decommissioned nodes in your cluster, it will not be possible to finalize the upgrade (either automatically or manually).

• Under Replication Status, make sure there are 0 under-replicated and unavailable ranges. Otherwise, performing a rolling upgrade increases the risk that ranges will lose a majority of their replicas and cause cluster unavailability. Therefore, it's important to identify and resolve the cause of range under-replication and/or unavailability before beginning your upgrade.

• In the Node List:

  • Make sure all nodes are on the same version. If any nodes are behind, upgrade them to the cluster's current version first, and then start this process over.
  • Make sure capacity and memory usage are reasonable for each node. Nodes must be able to tolerate some increase in case the new version uses more resources for your workload. Also go to Metrics > Dashboard: Hardware and make sure CPU percent is reasonable across the cluster. If there's not enough headroom on any of these metrics, consider adding nodes to your cluster before beginning your upgrade.

Check decommissioned nodes

If your cluster contains partially-decommissioned nodes, they will block an upgrade attempt.

1. To check the status of decommissioned nodes, run the cockroach node status --decommission command:

   cockroach node status --decommission
   

   In the output, verify that the value of the membership field of each node is decommissioned. If any node's membership value is decommissioning, that node is not fully decommissioned.

2. If any node is not fully decommissioned, try the following:

   1. Before upgrading from v20.2 to v21.1, you must manually change the status of any decommissioning nodes to decommissioned. To do this, run cockroach node decommission on these nodes and confirm that they update to decommissioned.
   2. For a cluster running v21.1 and above:
      1. First, reissue the decommission command. The second command typically succeeds within a few minutes.
      2. If the second decommission command does not succeed, recommission and then decommission it again. Before continuing the upgrade, the node must be marked as decommissioned.

Review breaking changes

Review the backward-incompatible changes in v21.1 and deprecated features. If any affect your deployment, make the necessary changes before starting the rolling upgrade to v21.1.

Two changes that are particularly important to note:

• As of v21.1, CockroachDB always uses the Pebble storage engine. As such, pebble is the default and only option for the --storage-engine flag on the cockroach start command. RocksDB can no longer be used as the storage engine.

  • If your cluster currently uses RocksDB as the storage engine, before you upgrade to v21.1, restart each of your nodes, removing --storage-engine=rocksdb from the cockroach start command. You can follow the same rolling process described in step 4 below, but do not change the binary; just remove the --storage-engine=rocksdb flag and restart.

• Interleaving data was deprecated in v20.2, disabled by default in v21.1, and removed from CockroachDB in v21.2. For migration steps, see the interleave deprecation notice.

  • If your cluster includes interleaved data and you perform backups, first make sure you are running v20.2.10+; then update your BACKUP commands to use the INCLUDE_DEPRECATED_INTERLEAVES option; and only then return to this page and upgrade to v21.1. Note that the INCLUDE_DEPRECATED_INTERLEAVES option is a no-op in v20.2.10, but this sequence is the only way to prevent backups including interleaved data from failing on v21.1.

Step 3. Decide how the upgrade will be finalized

By default, after all nodes are running the new version, the upgrade process will be auto-finalized. This will enable certain features and performance improvements introduced in v21.1. However, it will no longer be possible to perform a downgrade to v20.2. In the event of a catastrophic failure or corruption, the only option will be to start a new cluster using the old binary and then restore from one of the backups created prior to performing the upgrade. For this reason, we recommend disabling auto-finalization so you can monitor the stability and performance of the upgraded cluster before finalizing the upgrade, but note that you will need to follow all of the subsequent directions, including the manual finalization in step 5:

1. Upgrade to v20.2, if you haven't already.

2. Start the cockroach sql shell against any node in the cluster.

3. Set the cluster.preserve_downgrade_option cluster setting:

   > SET CLUSTER SETTING cluster.preserve_downgrade_option = '20.2';
   

   It is only possible to set this setting to the current cluster version.

Features that require upgrade finalization

When upgrading from v20.2 to v21.1, certain features and performance improvements will be enabled only after finalizing the upgrade, including but not limited to:

• Improved multi-region features: After finalization, it will be possible to use new and improved multi-region features, such as the ability to set database regions, survival goals, and table localities. Internal capabilities supporting these features, such as non-voting replicas and non-blocking transactions, will be available after finalization as well.

• Empty arrays in GIN indexes: After finalization, newly created GIN indexes will contain rows containing empty arrays in ARRAY columns, which allows the indexes to be used for more queries. Note, however, that rows containing NULL values in an indexed column will still not be included in GIN indexes.

• Virtual computed columns: After finalization, it will be possible to use the VIRTUAL keyword to define virtual computed columns.

• Changefeed support for primary key changes: After finalization, changefeeds will detect primary key changes.

Step 4. Perform the rolling upgrade

For each node in your cluster, complete the following steps. Be sure to upgrade only one node at a time, and wait at least one minute after a node rejoins the cluster to upgrade the next node. Simultaneously upgrading more than one node increases the risk that ranges will lose a majority of their replicas and cause cluster unavailability.

1. Drain and stop the node using one of the following methods:

   • If the node was started with a process manager, gracefully stop the node by sending SIGTERM with the process manager. If the node is not shutting down after 1 minute, send SIGKILL to terminate the process. When using systemd, for example, set TimeoutStopSec=60 in your configuration template and run systemctl stop <systemd config filename> to stop the node without systemd restarting it.
   Note:

   The amount of time you should wait before sending SIGKILL can vary depending on your cluster configuration and workload, which affects how long it takes your nodes to complete a graceful shutdown. In certain edge cases, forcefully terminating the process before the node has completed shutdown can result in temporary data unavailability, latency spikes, uncertainty errors, ambiguous commit errors, or query timeouts. If you need maximum cluster availability, you can run cockroach node drain prior to node shutdown and actively monitor the draining process instead of automating it.

   • If the node was started using cockroach start and is running in the foreground, press ctrl-c in the terminal.
   • If the node was started using cockroach start and the --background and --pid-file flags, run kill <pid>, where <pid> is the process ID of the node.

   Verify that the process has stopped:

   $ ps aux | grep cockroach
   

   Alternately, you can check the node's logs for the message server drained and shutdown completed.

2. Download and install the CockroachDB binary you want to use:

   Mac Linux

   $ curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v21.1.21.darwin-10.9-amd64.tgz|tar -xzf -
   

   $ curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v21.1.21.linux-amd64.tgz|tar -xzf -
   

3. If you use cockroach in your $PATH, rename the outdated cockroach binary, and then move the new one into its place:

   Mac Linux

   i="$(which cockroach)"; mv "$i" "$i"_old
   

   $ cp -i cockroach-v21.1.21.darwin-10.9-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin/cockroach
   

   i="$(which cockroach)"; mv "$i" "$i"_old
   

   $ cp -i cockroach-v21.1.21.linux-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin/cockroach
   

4. Start the node to have it rejoin the cluster.

   Warning:

   For maximum availability, do not wait more than a few minutes before restarting the node with the new binary. See this open issue for context.

   Without a process manager like systemd, re-run the cockroach start command that you used to start the node initially, for example:

   $ cockroach start \
   --certs-dir=certs \
   --advertise-addr=<node address> \
   --join=<node1 address>,<node2 address>,<node3 address>
   

   If you are using systemd as the process manager, run this command to start the node:

   $ systemctl start <systemd config filename>
   

5. Verify the node has rejoined the cluster through its output to stdout or through the DB Console.

6. If you use cockroach in your $PATH, you can remove the old binary:

   $ rm /usr/local/bin/cockroach_old
   

   If you leave versioned binaries on your servers, you do not need to do anything.

7. After the node has rejoined the cluster, ensure that the node is ready to accept a SQL connection.

   Unless there are tens of thousands of ranges on the node, it's usually sufficient to wait one minute. To be certain that the node is ready, run the following command:

   cockroach sql -e 'select 1'
   

   The command will automatically wait to complete until the node is ready.

8. Repeat these steps for the next node.

Step 5. Finish the upgrade

If you disabled auto-finalization in step 3, monitor the stability and performance of your cluster for as long as you require to feel comfortable with the upgrade (generally at least a day). If during this time you decide to roll back the upgrade, repeat the rolling restart procedure with the old binary.

Once you are satisfied with the new version:

1. Start the cockroach sql shell against any node in the cluster.

2. Re-enable auto-finalization:

   > RESET CLUSTER SETTING cluster.preserve_downgrade_option;
   

   Note:

   This statement can take up to a minute to complete, depending on the amount of data in the cluster, as it kicks off various internal maintenance and migration tasks. During this time, the cluster will experience a small amount of additional load.

3. Check the cluster version to confirm that the finalize step has completed:

   > SHOW CLUSTER SETTING version;
   

Troubleshooting

After the upgrade has finalized (whether manually or automatically), it is no longer possible to downgrade to the previous release. If you are experiencing problems, we therefore recommend that you:

1. Run the cockroach debug zip command against any node in the cluster to capture your cluster's state.

2. Reach out for support from Cockroach Labs, sharing your debug zip.

In the event of catastrophic failure or corruption, the only option will be to start a new cluster using the old binary and then restore from one of the backups created prior to performing the upgrade.

See also

• View Node Details
• Collect Debug Information
• View Version Details
• Release notes for our latest version

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